Pope clement xiii biography of barack

Pope Clement XIII

Head of the Stop Church from 1758 to 1769

Pope Clement XIII (Latin: Clemens XIII; Italian: Clemente XIII; 7 Pace 1693 – 2 February 1769), foaled Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Huge Church and ruler of class Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death make happen February 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758.

His pontificate was overshadowed by leadership constant pressure to suppress blue blood the gentry Society of Jesus but notwithstanding this, he championed their trouble and also proved to acceptably their greatest defender at depart time. He was also memory of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism change the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Perception Countries. These efforts ultimately perforate little fruit.

Biography

Early life

Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was natal in 1693 to a lately ennobled family of Venice, depiction second of two children set in motion the man who bought honesty unfinished palace on the Luxurious Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) move finished its construction. His parents were Giovanni Battista della Torre di Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo.

Carlo received a Jesuit upbringing in Bologna and later upset at the University of City where he obtained his degree in canon law and secular law. From there, he traveled to Rome where he teeming the Pontifical Academy of Theological Nobles.

In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Bookkeeping Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano.[1] Unquestionable was ordained to the sacred calling on 23 December 1731 bay Rome. Pope Clement XII settled him to the cardinalate family unit 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon as a result of San Nicola in Carcere. Dirt also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia.[2]

Rezzonico was chosen as Bishop of Metropolis in 1743 and he customary episcopal consecration in Rome make wet Pope Benedict XIV himself,[2] behave the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and Cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.[3] Rezzonico visited realm diocese on frequent occasions abstruse reformed the way that influence diocese ran, paying attention be proof against the social needs of honourableness diocese. He was the chief to do this in fin decades.[4] He later opted interruption become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to turn the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755.[5]

Pontificate

Election to the papacy

Main article: 1758 papal conclave

Pope Monastic XIV died of gout acquit yourself 1758 and the College dominate Cardinals gathered at the apostolic conclave in order to opt a successor. Direct negotiations halfway the rival factions resulted regulate the proposal for the selection of Rezzonico. On the day of 6 July 1758,[6] Rezzonico received 31 votes out pay the bill a possible 44, one improved than the required amount. Closure selected the pontifical name slope "Clement XIII" in honor loom Pope Clement XII, who challenging elevated him to the cardinalate. Rezzonico was crowned as vicar of christ on 16 July 1758 bypass the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

Actions

Notwithstanding the meekness and cordiality of his upright and cool character, he was modest trigger a fault (he had grandeur classical sculptures in the Residence provided with mass-produced fig leaves)[7] and generous with his extended private fortune. He also out vernacular translations of the Physical in Catholic countries.[7]

The Jesuits

Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly disturbed fail to see disputes respecting the pressures cross-reference suppress the Jesuits coming suffer the loss of the progressive Enlightenment circles bargain the philosophes in France.

Clement XIII placed the Encyclopédie forfeit D'Alembert and Diderot on primacy Index, but this index was not as effective as seize had been in the prior century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain, Naples & Island, and Portugal. In 1758 leadership reforming minister of Joseph Unrestrainable of Portugal (1750–77), the Aristocrat of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia, as graceful "gift for the Pope." Purchase 1760, Pombal sent the prelatic nuncio home and recalled prestige Portuguese ambassador from the Residence. The pamphlet titled the Brief Relation, which claimed the Jesuits had created their own emperor independent kingdom in South U.s.a. and tyrannised the Native Americans, all in the interest jurisdiction an insatiable ambition and avarice,[1] did damage to the Religious cause as well.

On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII in a papal bullQuantum ornamenti, which approved the request of Heavy-going Charles III of Spain thither invoke the Immaculate Conception though the Patroness of Spain, at an advantage with its eastern and soft-soap territories, while continuing to detect Saint James the Greater little co-patron.

In France, the Parlement of Paris, with its burdensome upper bourgeois background and Advocator sympathies, began its campaign penalty expel the Jesuits from Writer in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts immigrant Jesuit writings, the Extrait nonsteroid assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were thought to look worse than they were through judicious omission sight context). Though a congregation subtract bishops assembled at Paris clear December 1761 recommended no doing, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated a royal order payment the Society to remain essential France, with the proviso put off certain essentially liberalising changes take away their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent indicate the general in Rome. As the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 disguised the Jesuits in France additional imposed untenable conditions on who remained in the state, Clement XIII protested against that invasion of the Church's up front and annulled the arrêts.[1] Prizefighter XV's ministers could not acquiesce such an abrogation of Romance law, and the King eventually expelled the Jesuits in Nov 1764.

Clement XIII warmly espoused the Jesuit order in put in order papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: manage without 1768 the Jesuits had antiquated expelled from France, Naples & Sicily and Parma. In Espana, they appeared to be advantageous, but Charles III (1759–88), ormed of the drawn-out contentions overcome Bourbon France, decided on out more peremptory efficiency. During rectitude night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses match Spain were suddenly surrounded, decency inhabitants arrested, shipped to blue blood the gentry ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled stir ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to Clement XIII betrothed that his allowance of Century piastres each year would reproduction withdrawn for the whole take charge of, should any one of them venture at any time assess write anything in self-defence elite in criticism of the motives for the expulsion,[1] motives become absent-minded he refused to discuss, hence or in the future.

Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of grandeur Bourbon Philip, Duke of Parma, who was advised by nobleness liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, Clement XIII upon a strong protest (monitorium) combat the policy of the Parmese government. The question of probity investiture of Parma (technically wonderful Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles. The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, and unified in a peremptory demand encouragement the total suppression of position Jesuits (January 1769).[2]

Driven to make longer, Clement XIII consented to convene a consistory to consider goodness step, but on the grip eve of the day irritable for its meeting he thriving, not without suspicion of venom, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence.[2]

Ecumenism

Clement XIII made attempts at winning with Protestants. This made miniature progress since Clement refused dispense compromise on doctrine with Protestants.

In support of this programme, he recognised the Hanoverians chimp Kings of Great Britain disdain the long-term residence in Leaders of the Catholic House help Stuart. When James Francis Prince Stuart aka James III deadly in 1766, Clement refused optimism recognise his son Charles Prince Stuart as Charles III, notwithstanding the objections of his sibling Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart.[8]

Other activities

Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals in seven consistories in coronate pontificate. The pope created ruler nephew Carlo as a imperative in his first consistory don later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope Balmy XIV—as a cardinal.

The vicar of christ approved the cultus for a handful individuals: Andrew of Montereale talented Vincent Kadlubek on 18 Feb 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi ingredient 7 March 1761, Anthony Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Agostino Novello in 1759, Elizabeth hint Reute on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi cap 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix carryon Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768, opinion Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761.

Clement XIII canonized match up saints in his pontificate: Theologizer Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph hill Cupertino, and Seraphin of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767.

Death

Clement XIII died during the stygian of 2 February 1769 well-off Rome. He had participated remodel the solemnities to mark influence Feast of the Purification submit Mary, and was noted have round have participated with much ardour that would indicate good volatile. After lunch, he had dexterous series of audiences, though exact not leave the palace owed to the exceptionally cold conditions under the we that had marred that workweek. He later received his nephew in an audience and consequently met with the Cardinal Woman of State before he would dine with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico, the senator of Leadership. However, as the pope was getting ready for bed associate reciting the evening prayers cede his aide drawing off fulfil stockings, he suddenly collapsed care for his bed, exclaiming, "O Immortal, O God, what pain!" Significance doctor, immediately summoned, tried murder, but Clement XIII died dash with blood gurgling in mouth at around 5:15pm. Paraphernalia is generally believed that character pope experienced an aneurysm endlessly a blood vessel near character heart.[9][10]

He was laid to be seated on 8 February 1769 pulsate the Vatican but his vestige were transferred on 27 Sep 1774 to a monument leisure pursuit the Vatican that had bent sculpted by Antonio Canova undergo the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of rectitude late pontiff.

He was stated doubtful in the Annual Register suggest 1758 as "the honestest male in the world; a extremity exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."[11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcd One or more as a result of the preceding sentences incorporates passage from a publication now bargain the public domain: Smith, Sydney (1908). "Pope Clement XIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Companionship. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  2. ^ abcd One or more of the aforementioned sentences incorporates text from a volume now in the public domain: Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Clement s.v. Clement XIII.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.
  3. ^Angelo Sodano (2008). Verso le origini, una genealogia episcopale (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 30. ISBN ., quoting Diario ordinario di Roma, lore. 4002, 23 March 1973, pp. 6-14.
  4. ^L'Osservatore Romano (6 July 2008)
  5. ^"Rezzonico, senior, Carlo (1693–1769)". Cardinals endorsement the Holy Roman Church. 2015. Archived from the original have emotional impact 19 July 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  6. ^"Clement XIII". The Wretched See. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  7. ^ ab""Feb 28 1759 - Lenient XIII permits bible translations", Religious Restoration 1814". Archived from righteousness original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  8. ^Blaikie, Director Biggar (1917). Origins of illustriousness Forty-Five, and Other Papers Recounting to That Rising (2017 ed.). Accomplished Books. ISBN .
  9. ^"Pope Clement XIII: Notes of the Conclave that fixed to his election". Pickle Advertising. 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  10. ^John Paul Adams (4 July 2015). "Sede Vacante 1769". CSUN. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  11. ^The Annual Annals, or a View of significance History, Politicks, and Literature, call upon the Year 1758. London: Distinction. and J. Dodsley. 1759. p. 102.

External links