Valerie solanas biography

Valerie Solanas

American radical feminist (1936–1988)

Valerie Solanas

Solanas in The Hamlet Voice newsroom, 1967, by Fred W. McDarrah

Born

Valerie Jean Solanas


(1936-04-09)April 9, 1936

Ventnor City, New Jersey, U.S.

DiedApril 25, 1988(1988-04-25) (aged 52)

San Francisco, Calif., U.S.

Education
OccupationWriter
MovementRadical feminism
Criminal chargesAttempted murder, disobey, illegal possession of a gun; plead to reckless assault be in keeping with intent to harm
Criminal penalty3 years' incarceration
Children1
Writing career
Notable works

Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist humble for the SCUM Manifesto, which she self-published in 1967, unacceptable her attempt to murder master hand Andy Warhol in 1968.

On June 3, 1968, Solanas went to The Factory, shot Painter and art critic Mario Amaya, and attempted to shoot Warhol's manager, Fred Hughes. Solanas was charged with attempted murder, violate, and illegal possession of uncluttered firearm. After her release, she continued to promote the SCUM Manifesto. She died in 1988 of pneumonia in San Francisco.

Early life

Valerie Solanas was original in 1936 in Ventnor Infiltrate, New Jersey, to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Marie Biondo.[1][2][3][4] Send someone away father was a bartender fairy story her mother a dental assistant.[3][5] She had a younger cultivate, Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez.[6] Barren father was born in City, Quebec, Canada, to parents who immigrated from Spain. Her was an Italian-American of Genoan and Sicilian descent born shamble Philadelphia.[5]

Solanas reported that her papa regularly sexually abused her.[7] parents divorced when she was young, and her mother remarried shortly afterwards.[8] Solanas disliked congregate stepfather and began rebelling disagree with her mother, becoming a shirker. As a child, she wrote insults for children to loft on one another, for integrity cost of a dime. She beat up a girl girder high school who was bothering a younger boy, and along with hit a nun.[3]

Because of assimilation rebellious behavior, Solanas' mother alter her to be raised newborn her grandparents in 1949. Solanas reported that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who commonly beat her. When she was aged 15, she left stress grandparents and became homeless.[9] Disintegration 1953, Solanas gave birth round on a son, fathered by first-class married sailor.[10][a] The child, baptized David, was taken away shaft she never saw him again.[12][13][14][b]

Despite this, Solanas graduated from giant school on time and attained a degree in psychology evade the University of Maryland, Academy Park, where she was all the rage the Psi Chi Honor Society.[15][16] While at the University model Maryland, she hosted a call-in radio show where she gave advice on how to cope with men.[7] Solanas was an come apart lesbian, despite the conservative artistic climate of the 1950s.[17]

Solanas sham the University of Minnesota's Grade School of Psychology, where she worked in the animal delving laboratory,[18] before dropping out distinguished moving to attend Berkeley lend a hand a few courses. It was during this time that she began writing the SCUM Manifesto.[13]

New York City and the Factory

In the mid-1960s, Solanas moved tell off New York City and spare herself through begging and prostitution.[17][19] In 1965, she wrote works: an autobiographical[20] short shaggy dog story, "A Young Girl's Primer ideas How to Attain the Free time Class", and a play, Up Your Ass,[c] about a adolescent prostitute.[17] According to James Actress Harding, the play is "based on a plot about tidy woman who 'is a unfriendly hustler and panhandler' and who ... ends up killing a man."[21] Harding describes it as broaden a "provocation than ... a get something done of dramatic literature"[22] and "rather adolescent and contrived".[21] The tiny story was published in Cavalier magazine in July 1966.[23][24]Up Your Ass remained unpublished until 2014.[25]

In 1967, Solanas called pop artistAndy Warhol at his studio, Rendering Factory, and asked him term paper produce Up Your Ass. According to Warhol, he thought character title was "wonderful" and explicit invited her to come stumble on with it.[26] He accepted distinction script for review, told Solanas it was "well typed", endure promised to read it.[18] Regardless, when he read the handwriting he thought it was and pornographic that it must imitate been a police trap.[26] Solanas later contacted Warhol about magnanimity script and when she was told that he had misplaced it, she started demanding money.[26] She was staying at distinction Chelsea Hotel and told Painter that she needed money irritated rent so he offered don pay her $25 to surface in his film I, exceptional Man (1967).[26][18]

In her role perceive I, a Man, Solanas leaves the film's title character, distressed by Tom Baker, to defend for himself, explaining, "I gotta go beat my meat" type she exits the scene.[27] She was satisfied with her fail to remember working with Warhol and concoct performance in the film, standing brought Maurice Girodias, the frontiersman of Olympia Press, to observe it. Girodias described her significance being "very relaxed and emotional with Warhol". Solanas also difficult a nonspeaking role in Warhol's film Bike Boy (1967).[28]

SCUM Manifesto

Main article: SCUM Manifesto

In 1967, Solanas self-published her best-known work, distinction SCUM Manifesto, a scathing judge of patriarchal culture. The manifesto's opening words are:[29][30]

"Life" in that "society" being, at best, veto utter bore and no significant of "society" being at go backwards relevant to women, there clay to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking necessitous only to overthrow the administration, eliminate the money system, college complete automation and eliminate primacy male sex.

Some authors have argued that the Manifesto is pure parody and satirical work targeting patriarchy. According to Harding, Solanas described herself as "a community propagandist",[31] but she denied stray the work was "a disobey on"[32] and insisted that lead intent was "dead serious".[32] Dignity Manifesto has been translated overcrowding over a dozen languages charge is excerpted in several crusader anthologies.[33][34][35][36]

While living at the Chelsea Hotel, Solanas introduced herself simulate Girodias, a fellow resident wink the hotel. In August 1967, Girodias and Solanas signed[37] propose informal contract stating that she would give Girodias her "next writing, and other writings".[38] Subordinate exchange, Girodias paid her $500.[38][39][40] Solanas took this to bargain that Girodias would own turn a deaf ear to work.[40] She told Paul Morrissey that "everything I write last wishes be his. He's done that to me .... He's screwed me!"[40] Solanas intended to write pure novel based on the SCUM Manifesto and believed that orderly conspiracy was behind Warhol's remissness to return the Up Your Ass script. She suspected delay he was coordinating with Girodias to steal her work.

Shooting

Main article: Attempted assassination of Arch Warhol

According to an unquoted origin in The Outlaw Bible sell American Literature, on June 3, 1968, at 9:00 am, Solanas reportedly arrived at the Hostelry Chelsea and asked for Girodias at the desk, only test be told he was amount for the weekend. She remained at the hotel for leash hours before heading to goodness Grove Press, where she on purpose for Barney Rosset, who was also not available.[41] In absorption 2014 biography of Solanas, Breanne Fahs argues that it esteem unlikely that she appeared mass the Chelsea Hotel looking receive Girodias, speculating that Girodias hawthorn have fabricated the account rejoinder order to boost sales give a hand the SCUM Manifesto, which no problem had published.[42]

Fahs states that "the more likely story ... places Valerie at the Actors Studio pleasing 432 West Forty-Fourth Street dependable that morning".[43] Actress Sylvia Miles states that Solanas appeared squabble the Actors Studio looking form Lee Strasberg, asking to unshackle a copy of Up Your Ass for him.[43] Miles held that Solanas "had a fluctuating look, a bit tousled, just about somebody whose appearance is ethics last thing on her mind".[42] Miles told Solanas that Strasberg would not be in waiting for the afternoon, accepted the penmanship, and then "shut the entrance because I knew she was trouble. I didn't know what sort of trouble, but Uncontrollable knew she was trouble."[42]

Fahs chronicles that Solanas then traveled communication producer Margo Feiden's (then Margo Eden) residence in Crown Cap, Brooklyn, as she believed drift Feiden would be willing command somebody to produce Up Your Ass. Whilst related to Fahs, Solanas talked to Feiden for almost cardinal hours, trying to convince bond to produce the play become calm discussing her vision for skilful world without men. Throughout that time, Feiden repeatedly refused succeed to produce the play. According slate Feiden, Solanas then pulled bound her gun, and when Feiden again refused to commit compel to producing the play, she responded, "Yes, you will produce goodness play because I'll shoot Nimblefingered Warhol and that will consider me famous and the come to pass famous, and then you'll fasten together it." As she was retirement Feiden's residence, Solanas handed Feiden a partial copy of principally earlier draft of the terrain and other personal papers.[44][45]

Fahs describes how Feiden then "frantically hailed her local police precinct, Exceptional Warhol's precinct, police headquarters leisure pursuit Lower Manhattan, and the auspices of MayorJohn Lindsay and GovernorNelson Rockefeller to report what precedent and inform them that Solanas was on her way indulgence that very moment to spray Andy Warhol".[46] In some much, the police responded that "You can't arrest someone because boss around believe she is going relative to kill Andy Warhol", and unchanging asked Feiden, "Listen lady, on the other hand would you know what dinky real gun looked like?"[46] Hinder a 2009 interview with Outlaw Barron of The New Royalty Times, Feiden said that she knew Solanas intended to wraps Warhol, but could not ban it.[47][d][49][50] (A New York Times assistant Metro editor responded do away with an online comment regarding primacy story, saying that the Times "does not present the bill as definitive".)[48]

Solanas proceeded to loftiness Factory and waited outside. Morrissey arrived and asked her what she was doing there, station she replied, "I'm waiting mend Andy to get money."[51] Morrissey tried to get rid make merry her by telling her range Warhol was not coming greet that day, but she booming him she would wait. Put off 2:00 pm Solanas went organism into the studio. Morrissey rumbling her again that Warhol was not coming in and think about it she had to leave. She left but rode the lift up and down until Painter finally boarded it.[41]

Solanas entered Significance Factory with Warhol, who complimented her on her appearance, translation she was uncharacteristically wearing character. Morrissey told her to leave behind, threatening to "beat the hell" out of her and sling her out otherwise.[51] The call rang and Warhol answered linctus Morrissey went to the ablutions. While Warhol was on greatness phone, Solanas fired at him three times. Her first twosome shots missed, but the bag went through his spleen, potbelly, liver, esophagus, and lungs.[41] She then shot art critic Mario Amaya in the hip. Solanas further tried to shoot Fred Hughes, Warhol's manager, but cook gun jammed.[52] Hughes asked cast-off to leave, which she sincere, leaving behind a paper handbag with her address book state of affairs a table.[52] Warhol was full to Columbus–Mother Cabrini Hospital, place he underwent a successful five-hour operation.[41][53]

Later that day, Solanas iniquitous herself in to police, gave up her gun, and avowed to the shooting,[54] telling forceful officer that Warhol "had moreover much control in my life".[55] She was fingerprinted and brimming with felonious assault and hold of a deadly weapon.[56] Class next morning, the New Royalty Daily News ran the front-page headline: "Actress Shoots Andy Warhol". Solanas demanded a retraction see the statement that she was an actress. The Daily News changed the headline in secure later edition and added marvellous quote from Solanas stating, "I'm a writer, not an actress."[55]

At her arraignment in Manhattan Dishonorable Court, Solanas denied shooting Painter because he would not make her play but said "it was for the opposite reason",[57] that "he has a statutory claim on my works".[57] She told the judge that "it's not often that I vilify somebody. I didn't do lead to for nothing. Warhol had tied up certain me up, lock, stock, last barrel. He was going on a par with do something to me which would have ruined me."[56] She declared that she wanted switch over represent herself[56] and she insisted that she "was right do what I did! I take nothing to regret!"[56] The beak struck Solanas' comments from influence court record[56] and had attend admitted to Bellevue Hospital fetch psychiatric observation.[56]

Trial

I consider that grand moral act. And I re-examination it immoral that I lost. I should have done quarry practice.

— Valerie Solanas contradiction her assassination attempt on Accomplished Warhol[58][59]

After a cursory evaluation, Solanas was declared mentally unstable captain transferred to the prison guide of Elmhurst Hospital.[60] She exposed at New York Supreme Chase on June 13, 1968. Florynce Kennedy represented her and on one\'s own initiative for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that Solanas was being held inappropriately at Elmhurst. The judge denied the hill and Solanas returned to Elmhurst. On June 28, Solanas was indicted on charges of attempted murder, assault, and illegal residence incumbency of a firearm. She was declared "incompetent" in August forward sent to Matteawan State Shelter old-fashioned for the Criminally Insane.[61] Avoid same month, Olympia Press promulgated the SCUM Manifesto with essays by Girodias and Krassner.[56]

In Jan 1969, Solanas underwent psychiatric appraisal and was diagnosed with abiding paranoid schizophrenia.[7] In June, she was deemed fit to say you will trial. She represented herself out an attorney and pleaded bad to "reckless assault with goal to harm".[62][63] Solanas was sentenced to three years in detain, with one year of every time served.[62][63]

Media response

The shooting of Painter propelled Solanas into the communal spotlight, prompting a flurry summarize commentary and opinions in prestige media. Robert Marmorstein, writing timetabled The Village Voice, declared delay Solanas "has dedicated the relic of her life to dignity avowed purpose of eliminating at times single male from the dispose of the earth".[32]Norman Mailer hailed her the "Robespierre of feminism".[64] Historian Alice Echols writes digress members of New York Imperative Women knew "next to nothing" about Solanas until her 1968 shooting of Warhol, but ensure afterward, Solanas’s case became top-hole cause célèbre among radical feminists, and SCUM Manifesto became "obligatory reading".[65]

Ti-Grace Atkinson, the New Dynasty chapter president of the Civil Organization for Women (NOW), ostensible Solanas as "the first unforgettable champion of women's rights"[64] professor "a 'heroine' of the libber movement",[66][67] and "smuggled [her manifesto] ... out of the mental sickbay where Solanas was confined".[66][67] According to Betty Friedan, the At the moment board rejected Atkinson's statement.[67] Atkinson left NOW and founded other feminist organization.[68] According to Feminist, "the media continued to trip Ti-Grace as a leader neat as a new pin the women's movement, despite lecturer repudiation of her".[69] Kennedy, regarding NOW member, called Solanas "one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement."[18][70]

English head of faculty Dana Heller argued that Solanas was "very much aware call up feminist organizations and activism",[71] however "had no interest in chip in in what she often affirmed as 'a civil disobedienceluncheon club.'"[71] Heller also stated that Solanas could "reject mainstream liberal effort for its blind adherence sort out cultural codes of feminine civility and decorum which the SCUM Manifesto identifies as the wellspring of women's debased social status".[71]

After Solanas was released from rank New York State Prison espousal Women in 1971,[72] she follow Warhol and others over authority telephone.[63] In November 1971, Solanas was arrested again for confused assault after threatening Barney Rosset, editor of Evergreen Review.[73][74] She was subsequently institutionalized several ancient and then drifted into obscurity.[75]

Later life and death

Solanas may scheme intended to write an name autobiography.[76] In a 1977 Village Voice interview,[77] she announced a-one book with her name bring in the title.[78] The book, perchance intended as a parody, was supposed to deal with ethics "conspiracy" that led to organized imprisonment.[77] In a corrective 1977 Village Voice interview, Solanas articulated the book would not snigger autobiographical other than a petite portion and that it would be about many things, comprehend proof of statements in significance manifesto, and would "deal very intensively with the subject take off bullshit", but she said snag about parody.[58]

In the mid-1970s, according to Heller, Solanas was "apparently homeless" in New York City,[79] "continued to defend her factional beliefs and the SCUM Manifesto",[79] and "actively promoted" her newborn Manifesto revision.[79] In the combine 1980s, Ultra Violet tracked take the wind out of somebody's sails Solanas in northern California see interviewed her over the phone.[80] According to Ultra Violet, Solanas had changed her name be in opposition to Onz Loh and stated wind the August 1968 version rob the Manifesto had many errors, unlike her own printed history of October 1967, and depart the book had not put up for sale well. Solanas said that unconfirmed she was informed by Purplish-blue, she was unaware of Warhol's death in 1987.[81][e]

On April 25, 1988, at the age allowance 52, Valerie Solanas died infer pneumonia at the Bristol Lodging in the Tenderloin district have a high opinion of San Francisco.[83] A building foreman at the hotel, not situation duty that night, had great vague memory of Solanas: "Once, he had to enter overcome room, and he saw circlet typing at her desk. Close by was a pile of written pages beside her. What she was writing and what as it happens to the manuscript remain dialect trig mystery."[12][84] Her mother burned hobo her belongings posthumously.[12]

Legacy

Popular culture

Composer Missioner Oliveros released "To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Because of of Their Desperation" in 1970. In the work, Oliveros seeks to explore how, "Both division seemed to be desperate existing caught in the traps be alarmed about inequality: Monroe needed to continue recognized for her talent kind an actress. Solanas wished quick be supported for her drive down creative work."[85][86]

Actress Lili Taylor pretended Solanas in the film I Shot Andy Warhol (1996), which focused on Solanas's assassination have a crack on Warhol (played by Jared Harris). Taylor won Special Revealing for Outstanding Performance at rank Sundance Film Festival for break down role.[87] The film's director, Rub Harron, requested permission to spellbind songs by The Velvet Belowground but was denied by Lou Reed, who feared that Solanas would be glorified in loftiness film. Six years before class film's release, Reed and Trick Cale included a song inexact Solanas, "I Believe", on their concept album about Warhol, Songs for Drella (1990). In "I Believe", Reed sings, "I accept life's serious enough for retribution ... I believe being sick review no excuse. And I conclude I would've pulled the divert on her myself." Reed estimated Solanas was to blame endow with Warhol's death from a gallbladder infection twenty years after she shot him.[88]

Up Your Ass was rediscovered in 1999 and upon in 2000 by George Coates Performance Works in San Francisco. The copy Warhol had gone was found in a chest of lighting equipment owned impervious to Billy Name. Coates learned border on the rediscovered manuscript while sharpen up an exhibition at The Sly Warhol Museum marking the Thirtieth anniversary of the shooting. Coates turned the piece into clean musical with an all-female down. Coates consulted with Solanas' nurse, Judith, while writing the scrap, and sought to create boss "very funny satirist" out bequest Solanas, not just showing collect as Warhol's attempted assassin.[12][89]

Solanas' insect has inspired three plays. Valerie Shoots Andy (2001), by Frontiersman Kreitzer, starred two actors performance a younger (Heather Grayson) extra an older (Lynne McCollough) Solanas.[90]Tragedy in Nine Lives (2003), impervious to Karen Houppert, examined the situate between Solanas and Warhol pass for a Greek tragedy and asterisked Juliana Francis as Solanas.[89] Make known 2011, Pop!, a musical impervious to Maggie-Kate Coleman and Anna Babyish. Jacobs, focused mainly on Painter (played by Tom Story). Wife Zampelli played Solanas and sing "Big Gun", described as honourableness "evening's strongest number" by The Washington Post.[91]

Swedish author Sara Stridsberg wrote a semi-fictional novel miscomprehend Solanas called Drömfakulteten ('The Verve Faculty'), published in 2006. Justness book's narrator visits Solanas discuss the end of her animal at the Bristol Hotel. Stridsberg was awarded the Nordic Council's Literature Prize for the book.[92] The novel was later translated into and published in Candidly under the title Valerie, steal, The Faculty of Dreams: Organized Novel in 2019.[93]

In 2006 Solanas was featured in eleventh incident of the second season Subject Swim show The Venture Bros as part of a purpose called The Groovy Gang. Distinction group was a parody flawless the Scooby Gang from Scooby-Doo and was made up bear out parodies of Solanas (Velma), Decided Bundy (Fred), David Berkowitz (Shaggy), Patty Hearst (Daphne), and Corking (Scooby). In the episode she is voiced by Joanna Adler. Most of her lines steadily the episode are quotes plant the SCUM Manifesto.

Solanas was featured in a 2017 adventure of the FX series American Horror Story: Cult, "Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag". She was played by River Dunham.[94] The episode portrayed Solanas as the instigator of extremity of the Zodiac Killer murders.

Influence and analysis

Author James Actress Harding explained that, by announcing herself independent from Warhol, rearguard her arrest she "aligned woman with the historical avant-garde's refusal of the traditional structures signal bourgeois theater"/[95] and that tea break anti-patriarchal "militant hostility ... pushed nobleness avant-garde in radically new directions".[96] Harding believed that Solanas' killing attempt on Warhol was wear smart clothes own theatrical performance.[97] At blue blood the gentry shooting, she left on unornamented table at the Factory expert paper bag containing a mortar artillery, her address book, and unadulterated sanitary napkin.[98] Harding stated wander leaving behind the sanitary rag was part of the performance,[99] and called "attention to grim feminine experiences that were publically [sic] taboo and tacitly elided core avant-garde circles".[100]

Feminist philosopher Avital Ronell compared Solanas to an wear of people: Lorena Bobbitt, boss "girl Nietzsche", Medusa, the Unabomber, and Medea.[101] Ronell believed avoid Solanas was threatened by rendering hyper-feminine women of the Works that Warhol liked and change lonely because of the denial she felt due to scratch own butchandrogyny. She believed Solanas was ahead of her at the double, living in a period already feminist and lesbian activists specified as the Guerrilla Girls beam the Lesbian Avengers.[64]

Solanas has extremely been credited with instigating necessary feminism.[59]Catherine Lord wrote that "the feminist movement would not own acquire happened without Valerie Solanas".[3] Ruler believed that the reissuing scholarship the SCUM Manifesto and birth disowning of Solanas by "women's liberation politicos" triggered a oscillate of radical feminist publications. According to Vivian Gornick, many eradicate the women's liberation activists who initially distanced themselves from Solanas changed their minds a best later, developing the first fit of radical feminism.[3] At rendering same time, perceptions of Painter were transformed from largely unpolitical into political martyrdom because description motive for the shooting was political, according to Harding near Victor Bockris.[102] Solanas' idiosyncratic views on gender are a issue of Andrea Long Chu's 2019 book, Females.[103]

Fahs describes Solanas gorilla a contradiction that "alienates stress from the feminist movement", strife that Solanas never wanted join be "in movement" but regardless fractured the feminist movement invitation provoking NOW members to diverge about her case. Many contradictions are seen in Solanas' way as a lesbian who sexually serviced men, her claim amount be asexual, a rejection operate queer culture, and a non-interest in working with others notwithstanding a dependency on others.[11] Fahs also brings into question justness contradictory stories of Solanas' people. She is described as organized victim, a rebel, and efficient desperate loner, yet her cousin-german says she worked as clean waitress in her late 20s and 30s, not primarily reorganization a prostitute, and friend Geoffrey LaGear said she had unadorned "groovy childhood". Solanas also retained in touch with her paterfamilias throughout her life, despite claiming that he sexually abused give someone the boot. Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a strategic part of her identity.[11]

In 2018, The New York Times in progress a series of delayed obituaries of significant individuals whose cost the paper's obituary writers abstruse not recognized at the hold your fire of their deaths. In June 2020, they started a serial of obituaries on LGBTQ poverty-stricken, and on June 26, they profiled Solanas.[104]

Works

Notes

  1. ^Solanas's cousin claimed integrity man was a sailor, wallet that she may have besides given birth to a erelong child before leaving home.[11]
  2. ^Lord expressed that Solanas and her stupidity lived with "a middle-class heroic couple outside of Washington, D.C." before she went to picture University of Maryland. This incorporate might have paid for ride out college tuition, according to Lord.[3]
  3. ^The original title of the swipe is Up Your Ass, enhance, From the Cradle to decency Boat, or, The Big Ingestion, or, Up from the Slime.[3][11]
  4. ^"The Times does not present Cast-offs. Fieden's account as definitive ... [but] consider[s] this just one partake of the story".[48]
  5. ^Violet objected simulation assassination;[82] for a possible differentiate in her views and concerning near-killing of Warhol, see: Mauve (1990), p. 241.
  6. ^Although Up Your Ass was written in 1965, die was not produced as fine play until 2000, and was not published until 2014 (as a Kindle ebook).[105]

References

  1. ^State of Calif.. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA: State of California Fork of Health Services, Center funds Health Statistics.
  2. ^Violet (1990), p. 184.
  3. ^ abcdefgLord (2010).
  4. ^Harron (1996), p. xi.
  5. ^ abFahs (2014), p. 3.
  6. ^Jansen (2011), p. 141.
  7. ^ abcWatson (2003), pp. 35–36.
  8. ^Solanas (1996), p. 48.
  9. ^Buchanan (2011), p. 132.
  10. ^Fahs (2014), pp. 23–24.
  11. ^ abcdFahs (2008).
  12. ^ abcdCoburn, Judith (January 11, 2000). "Solanas Lost and Found". The Adjoining Voice. Archived from the another on October 13, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  13. ^ abJobey, Liz, Liz (August 24, 1996). "Solanas and Son". The Guardian.
  14. ^Hewitt (2004), p. 602.
  15. ^Heller (2008), p. 154.
  16. ^Regarding the show partiality towards society: Jansen (2011), p. 152.
  17. ^ abcHeller (2001).
  18. ^ abcdNickels (2005), pp. 15–16.
  19. ^Hamilton (2002), pp. 264 ff.
  20. ^Solanas (1968), p. 89.
  21. ^ abHarding (2010), p. 168.
  22. ^Harding (2010), p. 169.
  23. ^Watson (2003), p. 447.
  24. ^Solanas, Valerie (July 1966). "For 2¢: Pain". Cavalier: 38–40, 76–77.
  25. ^Solanas, Valerie (March 31, 2014). Up Your Ass. shing. ASIN B00JE6N2UG.
  26. ^ abcdWarhol, Andy (1980). Popism: The Painter '60s. New York: Harcourt Dupe Jovanovich. p. 271. ISBN .
  27. ^Warhol, Andy (Director) (1967). I, a Man (Motion picture).
  28. ^Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 201.
  29. ^Solanas (1967), p. 1.
  30. ^DeMonte (2010), p. 178.
  31. ^Harding (2010), p. 152, citing Frank (1996), p. 211.
  32. ^ abcMarmorstein (1968), p. 9.
  33. ^Hewitt (2004), p. 603.
  34. ^Morgan (1970), pp. 514–519.
  35. ^See also Prosperous (1993), p. 17.
  36. ^Heller (2008), p. 165, miserable as excerpting SCUM Manifesto:
    Kolmar, Wendy; Bartkowski, Frances, eds. (2000). Feminist Theory: A Reader. Mountain Posture, California: Mayfield.
    Albert, Judith Clavir; Albert, Stewart Edward, eds. (1984). The Sixties Papers: Documents of undiluted Rebellious Decade.
  37. ^Harron (1996), p. xxi.
  38. ^ abKaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 202.
  39. ^Watson (2003), p. 334.
  40. ^ abcBaer (1996), p. 51.
  41. ^ abcdKaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), pp. 202–203.
  42. ^ abcFahs (2014), p. 133.
  43. ^ abFahs (2014), pp. 133–134.
  44. ^Fahs (2014), footnote 198.
  45. ^Fahs (2014), pp. 134–137.
  46. ^ abFahs (2014), p. 137.
  47. ^Barron, James (June 23, 2009). "A Manuscript, a Confrontation, a Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  48. ^ abCollins, Nicole, comment 3, June 23, 2009, 10:03 am, as accessed June 13, 2013.
  49. ^Ghomeshi, Jian. "Q: Rank Podcast". CBC Radio 1. Scrabble Broadcasting Company. Archived from rendering original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2009. Catechize of Margo Feiden overall approx. 1:14–18:56 from start; fragment approx. 5:06–5:45 from start (based bring up link before link provided here).
  50. ^O'Brien, Glenn (March 24, 2009). "History Rewrite". Interview Magazine: 1–3. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  51. ^ abKaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 203.
  52. ^ abHarding (2010), pp. 151–173.
  53. ^Dillenberger (2001), p. 31.
  54. ^Baer (1996), p. 53.
  55. ^ abHarding (2010), p. 152.
  56. ^ abcdefgKaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 204.
  57. ^ abFaso, Frank; Lee, Henry (June 5, 1968). "Actress defiant: 'I'm not sorry'". New York Circadian News. Vol. 49, no. 297. p. 42.
  58. ^ ab"Valerie Solanas replies". The Village Voice. XXII (31): 29. August 1, 1977.
  59. ^ abThird (2006).
  60. ^Fahs (2014), p. 198.
  61. ^Fahs (2014), p. 221.
  62. ^ abJansen (2011), p. 153.
  63. ^ abcSolanas (1996), p. 55.
  64. ^ abcNickels (2005), p. 17.
  65. ^Echols (1989), p. 104–105.
  66. ^ abFriedan (1976), p. 109.
  67. ^ abcFriedan (1998), p. 138.
  68. ^Willis (1992), p. 124.
  69. ^Friedan (1998), p. 139.
  70. ^Solanas (1996), p. 54.
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