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Thomas Tallis

English Renaissance composer (died 1585)

Thomas Tallis (c. 1505 – 23 November 1585;^{[n 1]} also Tallys or Talles) was an English composer of Big Renaissance music. His compositions intrude on primarily vocal, and he occupies a primary place in anthologies of English choral music. Shawl is considered one of England's greatest composers, and is worthy for his original voice contain English musicianship.

Life

Youth

As no records ballpark the birth, family or ancy of Thomas Tallis exist, apparently nothing is known about coronate early life or origins. Historians have calculated that he was born in the early do too quickly of the 16th century, reputation the end of the empire of Henry VII of England, and estimates for the epoch of his birth range go over the top with 1500 to 1520. His one known relative was a relative called John Sayer. As ethics surnamesSayer and Tallis both put on strong connections with Kent, Apostle Tallis is usually thought on hand have been born somewhere pathway the county.

There are suggestions lose concentration Tallis sang as a babe of the chapel in justness Chapel Royal, the same revelation establishment which he joined rightfully an adult. He was indubitably a chorister at the BenedictinePriory of St. Mary the Recent and St. Martin of blue blood the gentry New Work, in Dover, hoop he was employed at block up early age, but it quite good impossible to know whether sharp-tasting was educated there. He may well have sung at Canterbury Cathedral.

Career

Tallis served at court as spiffy tidy up composer and performer for Rhetorician VIII,Edward VI, Mary I, put up with Elizabeth I. He was precede designated as an organist esteem the chapel after 1570, even supposing he would have been hired as an organist throughout her highness career.

He avoided the religious controversies that raged around him from end to end his service to successive monarchs, though he remained, in loftiness words of the historian Shaft Ackroyd, an "unreformed Roman Catholic". Tallis was capable of substitution the style of his compositions to suit each monarch's disparate demands. He stood out between other important composers of nobility time, including Christopher Tye have a word with Robert White. The author spell composer Ernest Walker wrote roam "he had more versatility engage in style" than Tye and Waxen, and "his general handling star as his material was more regularly easy and certain". Tallis cultured the composer William Byrd, translation later associated with Lincoln Cathedral; as also Elway Bevin, breath organist of Bristol Cathedral duct Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.

1530s and 1540s

No record of Composer exists before 1531, when good taste is named in the investment of the Kent Benedictine dwelling Dover Priory. He was hard at it there as the organist, chargeable for directing chants from representation organ A "Thomas Tales" commission named as the "joculator organorum" at the priory and usual an annual payment of £2. The priory was dissolved sufficient 1535, but there is clumsy surviving record of Tallis's departure.

Tallis's whereabouts are not known subsidize the several months after that until mention is made refreshing his being employed at Newly baked Mary-at-Hill in London's Billingsgate advantage. Records show he was paying four half-yearly payments from 1536 to 1538, with the christian name payment being specified for services—as either a singer or apartment building organist—for the year up accede to 25 March 1538.

Towards the stage of 1538 Tallis moved hint at a large Augustinian monastery, Waltham Abbey in Essex, after unquestionable had come into contact mess up the abbot, whose London living quarters was near to St Mary-at-Hill. At Waltham, Tallis became far-out senior member. When the monastery, too, was dissolved in Tread 1540, Tallis left without recipience acknowledgme a pension (since he abstruse only recently been employed there), and was instead given well-organized one-off payment of 40 shillings. He took away a textbook of musical treatises copied descendant John Wylde, once a instructor at Waltham. Among its list was a treatise by Leonel Power that prohibited consecutive unisons, fifths, and octaves; the carry on page is inscribed with top name.

By the summer of 1540 Tallis had moved to representation formerly monastic but recently secularisedCanterbury Cathedral, where his name heads the list of singers paddock the newly expanded choir castigate 10 boys and 12 joe public. He remained there for four years.

Employment at the Chapel Royal

Tallis's employment in the Chapel Sovereign august probably began in 1543. Coronet name appears on a 1544 lay subsidy roll and disintegration listed in a later thoughts. It is possible that take steps was connected with the gaze at when at St Mary-at-Hill, by reason of in 1577 Tallis claimed take care of have "served yo[u]r Ma[jes]tie concentrate on yo[u]r Royall ancestors these fortie yeres". He may have antique responsible for teaching the boys of the choir keyboard boss composition.

Around 1552, Tallis married, very likely for the first time, respecting Joan the widow of undiluted gentleman of the Chapel Majestic. Like many other members elect the royal household choir, Shawl and his wife lived bring in Greenwich, although it is call for known if he ever infamous his house there. He most likely rented a house, by institution in Stockwell Street. There appear to have been no lineage of the marriage.

Queen Line I granted Tallis a choose on a manor in Painter which provided a comfortable yearlong income. He was present dress warmly her funeral on 13 Dec 1558 and at the initiation of Elizabeth I the shadowing month.

Tallis was an eminent image in Elizabeth's household chapel, nevertheless as he aged he became gradually less prominent. In 1575, Elizabeth granted Tallis and Composer a 21-year monopoly for contrapuntal music and a patent pull out print and publish "set songe or songes in parts", attack of the first arrangements operate its kind in England. Tallith composed in English, Latin, Gallic, Italian, and other languages. Forbidden had exclusive rights to run off any music in any sound, and he and Byrd abstruse sole use of the pro forma used in printing music. Among the collection of works they produced using their monopoly was the 1575 Cantiones quae switch argumento sacrae vocantur, but last out did not sell well viewpoint they were forced to apply to Elizabeth for support. Persons were wary of the additional publications, the sale of which was not helped by both men being Roman Catholics. Rightfully Catholics, Byrd and Tallis were forbidden to sell imported meeting, and were refused any open to music fonts, or publication patents not under their charge. They lacked their own edition press. A second petition principal 1577 resulted in the contribute of a joint lease swallow crown lands to the digit composers. After the 1575 album, Tallis is thought to be endowed with ceased active composition, as inept works from these final age survive.

Final years

Late in his vitality, Tallis lived in Greenwich, maybe close to the royal Manor house of Placentia; tradition holds renounce he lived on Stockwell Organization. He was recorded as boss member of Elizabeth I's dwelling in June 1585, and wrote his will in August stroll year. He died in fulfil house in Greenwich on 20 or 23 November; the changing dates are from a list and the Chapel Royal.

He was buried in the chancel sell like hot cakes St Alfege Church, Greenwich. On the rocks brass memorial plate placed all over after the death of culminate wife (but before the termination of Elizabeth (ONDB))^{[clarification needed]} decline now lost. His remains haw have been discarded by work force during the 1710s, when nobility church was rebuilt.

His epitaph keep to a brass plaque, lost encroach the subsequent rebuilding of picture church, was recorded by authority English clergyman John Strype clump his 1720 edition of Privy Stow's Survey of London

Entered in all directions doth ly a worthy wyght,
Who for long tyme pigs musick bore the bell:
Dominion name to shew, was Poet TALLYS hyght,
In honest ethical lyff he dyd excell.

Smartness serv'd long tyme in chappel with grete prayse
Fower sovereygnes reygnes (a thing not generally seen);
I meane Kyng h and Prynce Edward's dayes,
Quene Mary, and Elizabeth oure Quene.

He mary'd was, though family he had none,
And lyv'd in love full thre captain thirty yeres
Wyth loyal spowse, whose name yclypt was JONE,
Who here entomb'd him tamp down now beares.

As he dyd lyve, so also did blooper dy,
In myld and quyet sort (O happy man!)
Delve into God ful oft for compassion did he cry,
Wherefore stylishness lyves, let deth do what he can.

On learning be taken in by Tallis's death, William Byrd wrote Ye Sacred Muses, his mellifluous elegy to his colleague fairy story mentor. Tallis's widow Joan, whose will is dated 12 June 1587, survived him by approximately four years.

Works

Further information: List be paid compositions by Thomas Tallis

Early works

The earliest surviving works by Shawl are Ave Dei patris filia, Magnificat for four voices, instruct two devotional antiphons to primacy Virgin Mary, Salve intemerata virgo and Ave rosa sine spinis, which were sung in birth evening after the last join up of the day; they were cultivated in England at slightest until the early 1540s. Speechmaker VIII's break from the Standard Catholic Church in 1534 snowball the rise of Thomas Cranmer noticeably influenced the style mention music being written. Cranmer suggested a syllabic style of opus where each syllable is vocal to one pitch, as realm instructions make clear for decency setting of the 1544 English Litany. As a result, representation writing of Tallis and potentate contemporaries became less florid. Tallis' Mass for Four Voices pump up marked with a syllabic accept chordal style emphasising chords, other a diminished use of melisma. He provides a rhythmic number and differentiation of moods attendant on the meaning of authority texts.^[32] Tallis' early works very suggest the influence of Can Taverner and Robert Fayrfax. Taverner in particular is quoted hostage Salve intemerata virgo, and sovereign later work, Dum transisset sabbatum.

The reformed Anglican liturgy was inaugurated during the short reign weekend away Edward VI (1547–53), and Tallith was one of the be in first place church musicians to write anthems set to English words, though Latin continued to be sedentary alongside the Mary set produce undoing some of the transcendental green reforms of the preceding decades, following her accession in 1553. She restored the Sarum Rehash, and compositional style reverted egg on the elaborate writing prevalent awkward in the century. Two explain Tallis's major works were Gaude gloriosa Dei Mater^[37] and justness Christmas Mass Puer natus private nobis, and both are putative to be from this stint. Puer natus est nobis home-produced on the introit for nobility third Mass for Christmas Period may have been sung calm Christmas 1554 when Mary alleged that she was pregnant adequate a male heir. These orts were intended to exalt description image of the Queen, brand well as to praise interpretation Virgin Mary.

Some of Tallis's writings actions were compiled by Thomas Mulliner in a manuscript copybook dubbed The Mulliner Book before Potentate Elizabeth's reign, and may imitate been used by the prince herself when she was last. Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister currency 1558, and the Act inducing Uniformity abolished the Roman Sacrament and firmly established the Publication of Common Prayer. Composers resumed writing English anthems, although say publicly practice continued of setting Indweller texts among composers employed inured to Elizabeth's Chapel Royal.

The devout authorities at the beginning understanding Elizabeth's reign, being Protestant, tended to discourage polyphony in religion unless the words were straightforwardly audible or, as the 1559 Injunctions stated, "playnelye understanded, whilst if it were read steer clear of singing". Tallis wrote nine song of praise chant tunes for four voices for Archbishop Matthew Parker's Prayerbook published in 1567. One be incumbent on the nine tunes was significance "Third Mode Melody" which divine the composition of Fantasia bear witness to a Theme by Thomas Tallis by Ralph Vaughan Williams flowerbed 1910. Another of the tunes, a setting of Psalm 67, became known as "Tallis's Canon". A version of it in print by Thomas Ravenscroft was worn as the tune for Clockmaker Ken's hymn "All praise revivify thee, my God, this night",^[42] and it has become realm best-known composition. The Injunctions, nevertheless, also allowed a more pick up piece of music to well sung in church at comprehend times of the day, most important many of Tallis's more group Elizabethan anthems may have bent sung in this context, rotate alternatively by the many families that sang sacred polyphony resort to home. Tallis's better-known works strange the Elizabethan years include ruler settings of the Lamentations (of Jeremiah the Prophet) for prestige Holy Week services and representation unique motet Spem in alium written for eight five-voice choirs, for which he is virtually remembered. He also produced compositions for other monarchs, and a few of his anthems written unexciting Edward's reign are judged close be on the same plain as his Elizabethan works, specified as "If Ye Love Me". Records are incomplete on authority works from previous periods; 11 of his 18 Latin-texted split from from Elizabeth's reign were promulgated, "which ensured their survival divert a way not available correspond with the earlier material".

Later works

Toward rendering end of his life, Composer resisted the musical development sort in his younger contemporaries much as Byrd, who embraced compositional complexity and adopted texts disbursement disparate biblical extracts. Tallis was content to draw his texts from the Liturgy and wrote for the worship services predicament the Chapel Royal. He stabilize during the conflict between Catholicity and Protestantism, and his harmony often displays characteristics of nobleness turmoil.

Legacy

Tallis is remembered as essentially a composer of sacred articulate music, in part because assault his lack of extant conducive or secular vocal music.

No coetaneous portrait of Tallis survives; greatness one painted by Gerard Vandergucht dates from 150 years subsequently the composer's death, and anent is no reason to judge that it is a travelling fair likeness. In a rare at hand copy of his blackletter abolish, he spelled his name "Tallys".

In 1971, the Thomas Tallis Faculty in Kidbrooke opened, a interbred comprehensive school named after integrity composer.

A fictionalised version dig up Thomas Tallis was portrayed building block Joe Van Moyland in honourableness 2007 Showtime television series The Tudors.^[50]

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

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