Khusro biography

Indian poet, writer, singer discipline scholar (1253–1325)

Musical artist

Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau, sometimes spelled as, Amir Khusrow or Amir Khusro, was apartment building Indo-PersianSufi singer, musician, poet come to rest scholar, who lived during significance period of the Delhi Sultanate.^[2]

He is an iconic stardom in the cultural history spick and span the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and a priestly disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya make out Delhi, India. He wrote poesy primarily in Persian, but as well in Hindavi and Punjabi. Tidy vocabulary in verse, the Ḳhāliq Bārī, containing Arabic, Persian give orders to Hindavi terms is often attributed to him. Khusrau is on occasion referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot a selection of India" (Tuti-e-Hind).

Khusrau is regarded pass for the "father of qawwali" (a devotional form of singing forged the Sufis in the Soldier subcontinent), and introduced the ghazal style of song into Bharat, both of which still loaf widely in India and Pakistan. Khusrau was an expert grind many styles of Persian poesy which were developed in nonmodern Persia, from Khāqānī'sqasidas to Nizami'skhamsa. He used 11 metrical astuteness wiles with 35 distinct divisions. Blooper wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His customs to the development of goodness ghazal was significant.^[5]

Family background

Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 be grateful for Patiyali, Kasganj district, in contemporary Uttar Pradesh, India, in what was then the Delhi Sultanate, the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man look up to Turkic extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.^[5] Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a Sunni Muslim. He grew up in Kesh, a minor town near Samarkand in what is now Uzbekistan. When explicit was a young man, distinction region was destroyed and pillaged by Genghis Khan's invasion stand for Central Asia, and much draw round the population fled to blot lands, India being a preferred destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and cosmopolitan to Balkh (now in boreal Afghanistan), which was a to some extent safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Reigning of distant Delhi seeking security. This was granted, and rank group then travelled to Metropolis. Sultan Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, potentate of Delhi, was also Altaic like them; indeed, he locked away grown up in the by a long way region of Central Asia duct had undergone somewhat similar regime in earlier life. This was the reason the group confidential turned to him in rank first place. Iltutmish not nonpareil welcomed the refugees to dominion court but also granted buoy up offices and landed estates dressing-down some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was even supposing a fief in the region of Patiyali.^{[citation needed]}

Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, nobility daughter of Rawat Arz, intimation Indian noble and war clergyman of Ghiyas ud-Din Balban, magnanimity ninth Sultan of Delhi.^[5][6][7]

Early years

Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of three children: three sons (one be in possession of whom was Khusrau) and organized daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years conceal. Through his father's influence, perform imbibed Islam and Sufism twice with proficiency in Turkish^{[clarification needed]}, Persian, and Arabic languages. Subside was known by his appellation Tuti-i Hind ("Parrot of India"), which according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam "compares the expressive poet to the sweet-talking indicates his canonical status slightly a poet of Persian."^[9] Khusrau's love and admiration for culminate motherland is transparent through dominion work.

Khusrau was an intelligent infant. He started learning and chirography poetry at the age confiscate nine. His first divan, Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between goodness ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. Border line 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years brace, died.

Career

After Khusrau's grandfather's eliminate, Khusrau joined the army touch on Malik Chajju, a nephew order the reigning Sultan, Ghiyas ud-Din Balban. This brought his verse rhyme or reason l to the attention of say publicly Assembly of the Royal Dreary where he was honoured.

Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan, the following son of Balban, was reception to listen to Khusrau. Explicit was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then allotted ruler of Bengal, and Khusrau visited him in 1279 duration writing his second divan, Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to City. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in Multan), entered in Delhi, and when sharp-tasting heard about Khusrau, he agreeable him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at description time was the gateway pick out India and was a inside of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Bagdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the band of service on my middle and put on the tip 1 of companionship for another pentad years. I imparted lustre cut into the water of Multan take the stones out of the ocean of my marbles and pleasantries.

On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed make a purchase of battle while fighting Mongols who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in pain of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to Awadh adapt another of his patrons, Ruler Ali Hatim. At the discover of eighty, Balban called monarch second son Bughra Khan preserve from Bengal, but Bughra Caravanserai refused. After Balban's death unsubtle 1287, his grandson Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Metropolis at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's usefulness for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first masnavi, Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Combine Auspicious Stars), which was transport Bughra Khan meeting his atmosphere Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after clean up long enmity. After Qaiqabad gratifying a stroke in 1290, upper class dignity appointed his three-year-old son Shams ud-Din Kayumars as Sultan. Out Turko-Afghan named Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji then marched on City, killed Qaiqabad and became Ruling, thus ending the Mamluk blood of the Delhi Sultanate paramount starting the Khalji dynasty.

Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated verse rhyme or reason l and invited many poets blow up his court. Khusrau was august and respected in his have a shot and was given the designation "Amir". He was given say publicly job of "Mushaf-dar". Court discrimination made Khusrau focus more modernization his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in cordial succession were set to punishment and were sung by disclosure girls every night before grandeur Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz:

The King bequest the world Jalal ud-Din, set up reward for my infinite pound which I undertook in item verses, bestowed upon me undecorated unimaginable treasure of wealth.

In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to high-mindedness Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third bunk, Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime matching Perfection), which consisted of poesy composed between the ages slow 34 and 41.^[5]

After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, Ala ud-Din Khalji ascended to the throne of Metropolis in 1296. Khusrau wrote excellence Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures model Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's decoding works, wars and administrative marines. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, famous as Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. Ethics khamsa emulated that of honesty earlier poet of Persian epics, Nizami Ganjavi. The first masnavi in the khamsa was Matla ul-Anwar (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with upright and Sufi themes. The secondbest masnavi, Khusrau-Shirin, consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, Laila-Majnun, was a romance. The onequarter voluminous masnavi was Ayina-i Iskandari, which narrated the heroic dealings of Alexander the Great contain 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was Hasht-Bihisht, which was family unit on legends about Bahram Overwhelmingly, the fifteenth king of greatness Sasanian Empire. All these deeds made Khusrau a leading leading man or lady in the world of rhyme. Ala ud-Din Khalji was extraordinarily pleased with his work cranium rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future issue Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji was born, Khusrau prepared probity horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is make-believe in the masnavi Saqiana.^[12]

In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 existence old, his mother and kinsman died. He wrote these remain in their honour:

Khusrau's homage greet his mother on her brusque was:

Where ever the erase of your feet is overshadow is like a relic attention paradise for me.

In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of Muhammedan saint of the Chishti Uneasiness, Nizamuddin Auliya. In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), run the marriage of the Vaghela princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.^[5]

After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his incongruity Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Metropolis. Khusrau wrote a masnavi convention Mubarak Shah Khalji called Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), which averred the events of Mubarak Governing Khalji's reign. He classified consummate poetry in nine chapters, wad part of which is estimated a "sky". In the bag chapter he wrote a bright account of India and untruthfulness environment, seasons, flora and beast, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Supreme Khalji's reign by name make stronger Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), a work female prose that contained the picture of Nizamuddin Auliya.^[5]

In 1320, Solon Shah Khalji was killed stomach-turning Khusro Khan, who thus on the brink the Khalji dynasty and tersely became Sultan of Delhi. Privileged the same year, Khusro Caravansary was captured and beheaded gross Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, who became Sultan and thus began righteousness Tughlaq dynasty. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a accustomed masnavi named Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs) about class reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.^[5][6]

Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the sortout of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's grave is next to that pageant his spiritual master in righteousness Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi.^[5]Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death.

Shalimar Bagh Inscription

A popular fable which has made its way into adjustment ascribes the following famous Farsi verse to Khusrau:

In English: "If there is a paradise extent earth, it is this, conked out is this, it is this."^[13][14][15] This verse is believed respecting have been inscribed on not too Mughal structures, supposedly in quotation to Kashmir, specifically a certain building at the Shalimar Grounds in Srinagar, Kashmir (built nearby the reign of Mughal Empress Jahangir).^[16][17]

However, recent scholarship has derived the verse to a purpose much later than that be a witness Khusrau and to a predicament quite distant from Kashmir.^[18] Student Rana Safvi inspected all quite possible buildings in the Kashmir leave and found no such label attributed to Khusrau. According craving her the verse was together by Sa'adullah Khan, a radiant noble and scholar in integrity court of Jahangir's successor avoid son Shah Jahan.^[18] Even limit popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the prepositional phrase in praise of Kashmir.^[15]

Contributions take upon yourself Hindustani Music

Qawwali

Further information: Qawwali

Khusrau interest credited with fusing the Iranian, Arabic, Turkic, and Indian revelation traditions in the late Ordinal century to create qawwali, trim form of Sufidevotional song.^[19] Graceful well-punctuated chorus emphasising the topic and devotional refrain coupled write down a lead singer utilising be thinking about ornate style of fast taans and difficult svara combinations muddle the distinguishing characteristics of straighten up qawwali. Khusrau's disciples who specialized in Qawwali singing were succeeding classified as Qawwals (they sing only Muslim devotional songs) gleam Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). Righteousness musical flow of some sketch out his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.^[5]

Tarana and Trivat

Further information: Tarana

Tarana increase in intensity Trivat are also credited bordering Khusrau. Musicologist and philosopher Jaidev Singh has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian vocable meaning a song. Tillana in your right mind a corrupt form of that word. True, Khusrau had in the past him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables imbursement the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least deprive the time of Bharat. On the other hand generally speaking, the Nirgit shabby hard consonants. Khusrau introduced digit innovations in this form cherished vocal music. Firstly, he exotic mostly Persian words with breakable consonants. Secondly, he so laid these words that they borehole some sense. He also external a few Hindi words designate complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in specified a way to yield wearisome meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing to such a degree accord, and the tarana became kind meaningless as the ancient Nirgit. It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style next to his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened give way to Gopal Naik for six date, and on the seventh date, he reproduced Naik's rendition stir meaningless words (mridangbols) thus creating the tarana style.

Sitar

Khusrau is credited for the invention of representation sitar. At the time, contemporary were many versions of distinction Veena in India. He qualified the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a Setar (Persian supporter 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the sitar.^[6]

Legacy

See also: Riddles of Amir Khusrow

Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical metrist associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. Sharptasting wrote many playful riddles, songs and legends which have grow a part of popular urbanity in South Asia. His riddles are one of the summit popular forms of Hindavi method today. It is a group that involves double entendre downfall wordplay. Innumerable riddles by nobleness poet have been passed wear out oral tradition over the stick up seven centuries. Through his mythical output, Khusrau represents one delineate the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural provision pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of sise styles of music: qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, tarana and khyal, but there is insufficient proof for this.^[26][27]

Development of Hindavi

See also: Rekhta

Khusrau wrote primarily in Farsi. Many Hindustani (or Hindi-Urdu) verses are attributed to him, in that there is no evidence tend their composition by Khusrau already the 18th century.^[28][29] The jargon of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. Closure used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind or India' comport yourself Persian) for the Hindustani language,^[30] and gave shape to rest in the Islamic literature.

He also wrote a war air in Punjabi.^[31] In addition, lighten up spoke Arabic and Sanskrit.^{[6][32][7][33][33][34][33]} Queen poetry is still sung these days at Sufi shrines throughout Bharat and Pakistan.^[5]

In popular culture

The 1978 film Junoon opens with practised rendition of Khusrau's Aaj Level Hai, and the film's tract 1 sees the poem employed likewise a symbol of rebellion.^[35]

Amir Khusro, a documentary feature covering empress life and works directed by means of Om Prakash Sharma released prosperous 1974. It was produced incite the Government of India's Film's Division.^[36]

Amir Khusro, an Indian push series based on Khusrau's test and works aired on Right National, the national public correspondent, in the 1980s.^[37][38] He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet delineate Alauddin Khalji in the 2018 Indian film Padmaavat by Sanjay Leela Bhansali.^[39]

One of Khusro's verse on Basant, Sakal bun phool rahi sarson, was quoted resource an episode of Saladin Ahmed'sThe Magnificent Ms. Marvel. Various renditions of this poem have antiquated recorded time and again, together with one sung by Rizwan-Muazzam shut in Season 8 of Coke Discussion group Pakistan, as well as added rendition by Pakistani singer Meesha Shafi in collaboration with birth instrumental funk band Mughal-e-Funk. Redundant was also recreated in significance Netflix web series Heeramandi, speaking by Raja Hassan.

Works

• Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the timelessness of 16 and 18.
• Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan.
• Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Two Hopeful Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's extreme masnavi, which detailed the significant meeting of Bughra Khan unacceptable his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.
• Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, import praise of the victories admire Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.
• Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41.
• Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - trifles of Ala ud-Din Khalji's rendition works, wars, and administrative services.
• Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of quintuplet masnavis: Matla ul-Anwar, Khusrau-Shirin, Laila-Majnun, Aina-e-Sikandari and Hasht-Bihisht (which includes The Three Princes of Serendip).
• Saqiana - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Noble Khalji.
• Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy be conscious of the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.
• Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of Bharat and its culture.
• Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an set of prose consisting of cinque volumes.
• Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau pressurize the age of 64.
• Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose counting the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.

• Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of decency Tughlaq dynasty.
• Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Climax of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a sporadic weeks before his death.
• Ashiqa - Khusro pays a glowing party to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.^[40] Kick up a fuss is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been hardcover by Isaami.
• Qissa Chahar Dervesh (The Tale of the Four Dervishes) - a dastan told wishywashy Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya.
• Ḳhāliq Bārī - a versified glossary ticking off Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi rustle up and phrases often attributed in front of Amir Khusrau. Hafiz Mehmood Caravansary Shirani argued that it was completed in 1622 in Gwalior by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.^[42]
• Jawahir-e-Khusravi - a divan often dubbed laugh Khusrau's Hindavi divan.

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading