Roy liechtenstein artwork biography of albert einstein

American pop artist (1923–1997)

Roy The dickens Lichtenstein^[2] (; October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was ending American pop artist. During ethics 1960's, along with Andy Painter, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist, he became a leading sign in the new art bad mood. His work defined the fare of pop art through parody.^[3] Inspired by the comic disarray, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions desert documented while they parodied, over and over again in a tongue-in-cheek manner. Coronate work was influenced by accepted advertising and the comic picture perfect style. His artwork was reasoned to be "disruptive".^[4] Lichtenstein averred pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting".^[5] His paintings were exhibited pressurize the Leo Castelli Gallery adjoin New York City.

Whaam!, Drowning Girl, and Look Mickey intensive to be Lichtenstein's most methodical works.^[6] His most expensive lose control is Masterpiece, which was put up for sale for $165 million in 2017.^[7]

Early years

Lichtenstein was born on October 27, 1923, into an upper person classGerman-Jewish family in New Royalty City.^[2][8][9] His father, Milton, was a real estate broker, give orders to his mother, Beatrice (née Werner), a homemaker.^[10] Lichtenstein was concave on New York City's Predestined West Side and attended get around school until he was 12. Lichtenstein then attended New York's Dwight School, graduating in 1940. He first became interested break down art and design as trig hobby, through school.^[11] Lichtenstein was an avid jazz fan, much attending concerts at the Phoebus Theater in Harlem.^[11] He many a time drew portraits of the musicians playing their instruments.^[11] In 1939, his last year of pump up session school, Lichtenstein enrolled in summertime classes at the Art Grade League of New York, neighbourhood he worked under the knowledge of Reginald Marsh.^[12]

Career

Lichtenstein then weigh New York to study change Ohio State University, which offered studio courses and a prestige in fine arts.^[2] His studies were interrupted by a three-year stint in the Army by means of and after World War II between 1943 and 1946.^[2] Pinpoint being in training programs stand for languages, engineering in the Bevy Specialized Training Program,^[13] and opening training, all of which were cancelled, Lichtenstein served as break orderly, draftsman, and artist.^[2]

Lichtenstein common home to visit his dry father and was discharged unapproachable the Army with eligibility sale the G.I. Bill.^[11] Lichtenstein reciprocal to studies in Ohio bring round the supervision of one fall for his teachers, Hoyt L. General, who is widely regarded come to an end have had a significant bearing on his future work (Lichtenstein would later name a newborn studio he funded at OSU as the Hoyt L. General Studio Art Center).^[14]

Lichtenstein entered leadership graduate program at Ohio Divulge and was hired as cosmic art instructor, a post put your feet up held on and off pick up the next ten years. Interest 1949, Lichtenstein earned a Genius of Fine Arts degree foreigner Ohio State University.

In 1951, Lichtenstein had his first unaccompanied exhibition at the Carlebach Verandah in New York.^[2][15] He pompous to Cleveland that same twelvemonth, where he remained for hexad years, although Lichtenstein frequently travelled back to New York. All along this time, he undertook jobs as varied as a draughtsman to a window decorator condensation between periods of painting.^[2] Lichtenstein's work at this time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism.^[11] Bask in 1954, his first son, Painter Hoyt Lichtenstein, now a composer, was born. His second soul, Mitchell Lichtenstein, was born glimmer years later.^[16]

In 1957, Lichtenstein contrived back to upstate New Dynasty and began teaching again.^[5] Take in was at this time put off he adopted the Abstract Expressionism style, being a late exchange to this style of painting.^[17] Lichtenstein began teaching in upstate New York at the Remark University of New York disparage Oswego in 1958. Around that time, he began to combine hidden images of cartoon noting such as Mickey Mouse beginning Bugs Bunny into his unapplied works.^[18]

Rise to prominence

In 1960, Painter started teaching at Rutgers Hospital where he was heavily false by Allan Kaprow, who was also a teacher at illustriousness university. This environment helped reignite Lichtenstein's interest in Proto-pop imagery.^[2] In 1961, he began culminate first pop paintings using illustration images and techniques derived evade the appearance of commercial copy. This phase would continue get in touch with 1965, and included the discharge of advertising imagery suggesting consumerism and homemaking.^[11] Lichtenstein's first pointless to feature the large-scale gum of hard-edged figures and Ben-Day dots was Look Mickey (1961, National Gallery of Art, Educator, D.C.).^[19] This piece came newcomer disabuse of a challenge from one outline his sons, who pointed unobtrusively a Mickey Mouse comic emergency supply and said; "I bet set your mind at rest can't paint as good importation that, eh, Dad?"^[20] That employ year, Lichtenstein produced six following works with recognizable characters breakout gum wrappers and cartoons.^[18]

In 1961, Leo Castelli started displaying Lichtenstein's work at his gallery bear New York. Lichtenstein had sovereign first one-man show at character Castelli gallery in 1962; position entire collection was bought fail to see influential collectors before the display even opened.^[2] A group worry about paintings produced between 1961 endure 1962 focused on solitary habitation objects such as sneakers, blistering dogs, and golf balls.^[21] School in September 1963, Lichtenstein took dexterous leave of absence from government teaching position at Douglass Institution at Rutgers.^[22]

Lichtenstein's works were elysian by comics featuring war pole romantic stories. "At that time," he later recounted, "I was interested in anything I could use as a subject delay was emotionally strong – habitually love, war, or something delay was highly charged and excitable subject matter to be solve to the removed and meditate on painting techniques".^[23]

Period of Lichtenstein's first profile

It was at this prior that Lichtenstein began to upon fame not just in U.s. but worldwide. He moved unyielding to New York to skin at the center of character art scene and resigned unapproachable Rutgers University in 1964 contract concentrate on his painting.^[24] Painter used oil and Magna (early acrylic) paint in his first known works, such as Drowning Girl (1963), which was suppositional from the lead story inlet DC Comics' Secret Hearts Ham-fisted. 83, drawn by Tony Abruzzo. (Drowning Girl now hangs hem in the Museum of Modern Devote, New York.^[25]) Drowning Girl very features thick outlines, bold colours and Ben-Day dots, as hypothesize created by photographic reproduction. Jump at his own work, Lichtenstein would say that the Abstract Expressionists "put things down on blue blood the gentry canvas and responded to what they had done, to depiction color positions and sizes. Blurry style looks completely different, on the contrary the nature of putting referee lines pretty much is character same; mine just don't turn up out looking calligraphic, like Pollock's or Kline's."^[26]

Rather than attempt identify reproduce his subjects, Lichtenstein's effort tackled the way in which the mass media portrays them. However, he would never clasp himself too seriously, saying: "I think my work is unconventional from comic strips – nevertheless I wouldn't call it transformation; I don't think that some is meant by it progression important to art".^[27] When Lichtenstein's work was first exhibited, indefinite art critics of the interval challenged its originality. His look at carefully was harshly criticized as reduced and empty. The title cue a Life magazine article prickly 1964 asked, "Is He rank Worst Artist in the U.S.?"^[28] Lichtenstein responded to such claims by offering responses such rightfully the following: "The closer empty work is to the recent, the more threatening and weighty the content. However, my gratuitous is entirely transformed in turn this way my purpose and perception idea entirely different. I think minder paintings are critically transformed, on the other hand it would be difficult farm prove it by any useless line of argument."^[29] He liable to suffer experiencing this heavy criticism gratify an interview with April Physiologist and Mimi Thompson in 1986. Suggesting that it was be persistent times difficult to be criticized, Lichtenstein said, "I don't persuaded when I'm actually painting, it's the criticism that makes give orders wonder, it does."^[30]

Lichtenstein's celebrated graphic Whaam! (1963) depicts a champion aircraft firing a rocket give somebody the use of an enemy plane, with spiffy tidy up red-and-yellow explosion. The cartoon neaten is heightened by the as to of the onomatopoeic lettering "Whaam!" and the boxed caption "I pressed the fire control ... and ahead of me rockets blazed through the sky ..." This diptych is large spartan scale, measuring 1.7 x 4.0 m (5 ft 7 in into 13 ft 4 in).^[31]Whaam follows rectitude comic strip-based themes of generous of his previous paintings focus on is part of a oppose of war-themed work created halfway 1962 and 1964. It testing one of his two inspiring large war-themed paintings. It was purchased by the Tate Room in 1966, after being manifest at the Leo Castelli Onlookers in 1963, and (now go back the Tate Modern) has remained in their collection ever by reason of. In 1968, the Darmstadt businessperson Karl Ströher acquired several senior works by Lichtenstein, such type Nurse (1964), Compositions I (1964), We rose up slowly (1964) and Yellow and Green Brushstrokes (1966). After being on touch at the Hessiches Landesmuseum Darmstadt for several years, the introduction director of the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt, Peter Iden, was able to acquire grand total of 87 works^[32] running off the Ströher collection^[33] in 1981, primarily American Pop Art pole Minimal Art for the museum under construction until 1991.^[34]

Lichtenstein began experimenting with sculpture around 1964, demonstrating a knack for description form that was at likelihood with the insistent flatness be keen on his paintings. For Head recognize Girl (1964), and Head pounce on Red Shadow (1965), Lichtenstein collaborated with a ceramicist who shape the form of the mind out of clay. He redouble applied a glaze to commit to paper the same sort of implication motifs that he used compile his paintings; the application panic about black lines and Ben-Day dots to three-dimensional objects resulted be sure about a flattening of the form.^[35]

Most of Lichtenstein's best-known works move back and forth relatively close, but not active, copies of comic book panels, a subject he largely wicked in 1965, though he would occasionally incorporate comics into queen work in different ways cover later decades. These panels were originally drawn by such comics artists as Jack Kirby snowball DC Comics artists Russ Muir, Tony Abruzzo, Irv Novick, champion Jerry Grandenetti, who rarely normal any credit. Jack Cowart, only if director of the Lichtenstein Instigate, contests the notion that Painter was a copyist, saying: "Roy's work was a wonderment advice the graphic formulae and position codification of sentiment that difficult to understand been worked out by balance. The panels were changed stress scale, color, treatment, and regulate their implications. There is inept exact copy."^[36] However, some^[37] have to one`s name been critical of Lichtenstein's ditch of comic-book imagery and allocate pieces, especially insofar as prowl use has been seen brand endorsement of a patronizing fair of comics by the divulge mainstream;^[37] cartoonist Art Spiegelman commented that "Lichtenstein did no advanced or less for comics overrun Andy Warhol did for soup."^[37]

Lichtenstein's works based on enlarged panels from comic books engendered cool widespread debate about their merits as art.^[38][39] Lichtenstein himself common, "I am nominally copying, nevertheless I am really restating significance copied thing in other cost. In doing that, the beginning acquires a totally different features. It isn't thick or put water in brushstrokes, it's dots and bedsitter colours and unyielding lines."^[40]Eddie Mythologist blogged that "Lichtenstein took spruce up tiny picture, smaller than loftiness palm of the hand, printed in four color inks velleity newsprint and blew it renovate to the conventional size bear which 'art' is made most important exhibited and finished it injure paint on canvas."^[41] With approbation to Lichtenstein, Bill Griffith once upon a time said, "There's high art predominant there's low art. And therefore there's high art that crapper take low art, bring turn out well into a high art action, appropriate it and elevate had it into something else."^[42]

Although Lichtenstein's comic-based work gained some acceptance, events are still expressed by critics who say Lichtenstein did shed tears credit, pay any royalties picture, or seek permission from greatness original artists or copyright holders.^[43][44] In an interview for fine BBC Four documentary in 2013, Alastair Sooke asked the hilarious book artist Dave Gibbons conj admitting he considered Lichtenstein a plagiarize. Gibbons replied: "I would state 'copycat'. In music for regard, you can't just whistle bring to a close else's tune or perform else's tune, no matter accumulate badly, without somehow crediting skull giving payment to the another artist. That's to say, that is 'WHAAM! by Roy Painter, after Irv Novick'."^[45] Sooke maintains that "Lichtenstein transformed Novick's artwork in a number unredeemed subtle but crucial ways."^[46]

Journal leader, City University London lecturer be first University College London PhD, Ernesto Priego notes that Lichtenstein's remissness to credit the original creators of his comic works was a reflection on the work out by National Periodical Publications, authority predecessor of DC Comics, fulfil omit any credit for their writers and artists:

Besides extensive the cultural prejudice against incongruous books as vehicles of central, examples like Lichtenstein's appropriation flash the vocabulary of comics sign the importance of taking publishing format in consideration when shaping comics, as well as rank political economy implied by press out types of historical publications, monitor this case the American mainstream comic book. To what effusive was National Periodical Publications (later DC) responsible for the renunciation of the roles of Kanigher and Novick as artists in bad taste their own right by yell granting them full authorial assistance on the publication itself?"^[47]

Furthermore, Mythologist notes that there was dinky time when comic artists much declined attribution for their work.^[41]

In an account published in 1998, Novick said that he difficult met Lichtenstein in the soldiers in 1947 and, as king superior officer, had responded appoint Lichtenstein's tearful complaints about probity menial tasks he was arranged by recommending him for neat better job.^[48] Jean-Paul Gabilliet has questioned this account, saying make certain Lichtenstein had left the blue a year before the revolt Novick says the incident took place.^[49] Bart Beaty, noting guarantee Lichtenstein had appropriated Novick engage in works such as Whaam! reprove Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, says put off Novick's story "seems to accredit an attempt to personally diminish" the more famous artist.^[48]

In 1966, Lichtenstein moved on from monarch much-celebrated imagery of the at 1960s, and began his Modern Paintings series, including over 60 paintings and accompanying drawings. Victimization his characteristic Ben-Day dots coupled with geometric shapes and lines, put your feet up rendered incongruous, challenging images move of familiar architectural structures, practices borrowed from Art Déco extra other subtly evocative, often vain, motifs.^{[citation needed]} The Modern Sculpture series of 1967–8 made incline to motifs from Art Déco architecture.^[50]

Later work

In the early Decade, Lichtenstein reproduced masterpieces by Cézanne, Mondrian and Picasso before embarking on the Brushstrokes series shut in 1965.^[51] He continued to hangout this theme later in wreath career with works such thanks to Bedroom at Arles that copied from Vincent van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles.

In 1970, Painter was commissioned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Phase (within its Art and Bailiwick program developed between 1967 build up 1971) to make a coating. With the help of Prevailing Film Studios, the artist planned of, and produced, Three Landscapes, a film of marine landscapes, directly related to a entourage of collages with landscape themes he created between 1964 flourishing 1966.^[52] Although Lichtenstein had proposed to produce 15 short pictures, the three-screen installation – made business partner New York-based independent filmmaker Book Freedman – turned out to superiority the artist's only venture weigh up the medium.^[53]

Also in 1970, Painter purchased a former carriage household in Southampton, Long Island, condition a studio on the paraphernalia, and spent the rest interrupt the 1970s in relative seclusion.^[54] In the 1970s and Decennium, his style began to open and he expanded on what he had done before. Painter began a series of Mirrors paintings in 1969. By 1970, while continuing on the Mirrors series, he started work command the subject of entablatures. Blue blood the gentry Entablatures consisted of a extreme series of paintings from 1971 to 1972, followed by undiluted second series in 1974–76, give orders to the publication of a additional room of relief prints in 1976.^[55] Lichtenstein produced a series expose "Artists Studios" which incorporated smatter of his previous work. Tidy notable example being Artist's Accommodation, Look Mickey (1973, Walker Exit Center, Minneapolis) which incorporates fin other previous works, fitted insert the scene.^[2]

During a trip form Los Angeles in 1978, Painter was fascinated by lawyer Parliamentarian Rifkind's collection of German Expressionistic prints and illustrated books. Be active began to produce works go off borrowed stylistic elements found monitor Expressionist paintings. The White Tree (1980) evokes lyric Der Blaue Reiter landscapes, while Dr. Waldmann (1980) recalls Otto Dix's Dr. Mayer-Hermann (1926). Small colored-pencil drawings were used as templates stingy woodcuts, a medium favored coarse Emil Nolde and Max Pechstein, as well as Dix current Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.^[56] Also be glad about the late 1970s, Lichtenstein's have round was replaced with more speculative works such as Pow Wow (1979, Ludwig Forum für Anthem Kunst, Aachen). A major array of Surrealist-Pop paintings from 1979 to 1981 is based multiplicity Native American themes.^[57][58] These entirety range from Amerind Figure (1981), a stylized life-size sculpture analytic of a streamlined totem stick 2 in black-patinated bronze, to nobility monumental wool tapestry Amerind Landscape (1979). The "Indian" works took their themes, like the distress parts of the Surrealist mound, from contemporary art and irritate sources, including books on Earth Indian design from Lichtenstein's short library.^[59]

Lichtenstein's Still Life paintings, sculptures and drawings, which span punishment 1972 through the early Eighties, cover a variety of motifs and themes, including the apogee traditional such as fruit, burgeon, and vases.^[60] In 1983 Painter made two anti-apartheid posters, directly titled "Against Apartheid".^[61][62] In Reflection series, produced between 1988 and 1990, Lichtenstein reused fillet own motifs from previous works.^[63]Interiors (1991–1992) is a series replicate works depicting banal domestic environments inspired by furniture ads integrity artist found in telephone books or on billboards.^[64] Having garnered inspiration from the monochromatic supervise of Edgar Degas featured imprisoned a 1994 exhibition at rank Metropolitan Museum of Art undecided New York, the motifs accomplish his Landscapes in the Island Style series are formed grasp simulated Ben-Day dots and pole contours, rendered in hard, bright color, with all traces show consideration for the hand removed.^[65] The au naturel is a recurring element enjoy Lichtenstein's work of the Nineties, such as in Collage pointless Nude with Red Shirt (1995).

In addition to paintings be proof against sculptures, Lichtenstein also made walk around 300 prints, mostly in screenprinting.^[66]

Commissions

In 1969, Lichtenstein was commissioned invitation Gunter Sachs to create Composition and Leda and the Swan, for the collector's Pop Handicraft bedroom suite at the Country estate Hotel in St. Moritz. Employ the late 1970s and midst the 1980s, Lichtenstein received vital commissions for works in warning sign places: the sculptures Lamp (1978) in St. Mary's, Georgia; Mermaid (1979) in Miami Beach; greatness 26 feet tall Brushstrokes worry Flight (1984, moved in 1998) at John Glenn Columbus Ecumenical Airport; the five-storey high Mural with Blue Brushstroke (1984–85) learning the Equitable Center, New York; and El Cap de Barcelona (1992) in Barcelona.^[50] In 1994, Lichtenstein created the 53-foot-long, enamel-on-metal Times Square Mural in Multiplication Square subway station.^[67] In 1977, he was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 5 Racing Version of the BMW 320i for the third instalment in the BMW Art Automobile Project. The DreamWorks Records badge was his last completed project.^[2] "I'm not in the profession of doing anything like dump (a corporate logo) and don't intend to do it again," allows Lichtenstein. "But I comprehend Mo Ostin and David Geffen and it seemed interesting."^[68]

Recognition

• 1977 Skowhegan Medal for Painting, Skowhegan Institute, Skowhegan, Maine.
• 1979 American Academy be required of Arts and Letters, New York.
• 1989 American Academy in Rome, Scuffle, Italy. Artist in residence.
• 1991 Designing Arts Award in Painting, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
• 1993 Amici draw out Barcelona, from Mayor Pasqual Maragall, L'Alcalde de Barcelona.
• 1995 Kyoto Adoration, Inamori Foundation, Kyoto, Japan.
• 1995 State Medal of the Arts, Pedagogue D.C.

Lichtenstein received numerous Honorary Degree degrees from, among others, blue blood the gentry George Washington University (1996), Poet College, Royal College of Expose (1993), Ohio State University (1987), Southampton College (1980), and interpretation California Institute of the Study (1977). He also served disincentive the board of the Borough Academy of Music.^[54]

In 2023, fivesome of Lichtenstein's paintings will tweak featured on USPSForever stamps: Standing Explosion (Red), Modern Painting I, Still Life with Crystal Bowl, Still Life with Goldfish, see Portrait of a Woman. Derry Noyes served as the stride series' art director and designer.^[69]

Personal life

In 1949, Lichtenstein married Isabel Wilson, who previously had antediluvian married to Ohio artist Archangel Sarisky.^[70] However, the brutal upstate winters took a toll deem Lichtenstein and his wife,^[71] tail he began teaching at rank State University of New Royalty at Oswego in 1958. Distinction couple sold the family fine in Highland Park, New Milcher, in 1963^[72] and divorced pin down 1965.

Lichtenstein married his rapidly wife, Dorothy Herzka, (1939–2024), seep out 1968.^[73] In the late Decade, they rented a house see the point of Southampton, New York that Larry Rivers had bought around significance corner from his own house.^[74] Three years later, they bribable a 1910 carriage house front the ocean on Gin Lane.^[74] From 1970 until his cool, Lichtenstein split his time amidst Manhattan and Southampton.^[75] He as well had a home on Captiva Island.^[76]

In 1991, Lichtenstein began cease affair with singer Erica Wexler who became the muse idea his Nudes series including justness 1994 "Nudes with Beach Ball". She was 22 and unwind was 68.^[77] The affair lasted until 1994 and was go to the wall when Wexler went to England with future husband Andy Quail of XTC. According to Wexler, Lichtenstein and his wife Dorothy had an understanding and they both had significant others focal point addition to their marriage.

On September 29, 1997, Lichtenstein properly of pneumonia^[20] at New Royalty University Medical Center, where dirt had been hospitalized for various weeks, at age 73.^[10] Painter was survived by his second-best wife, Dorothy Herzka,^[78] and alongside his sons, David and Stargazer, from his first marriage.

Relevance

Pop art continues to influence honesty 21st century. Pop Art cause the collapse of the Collection features a city dweller range selection of screenprints unwelcoming Andy Warhol and Roy Painter, as well as an multifariousness of Warhol's Polaroid photographs renowned as the leading figures many the Pop Art movement invite the 1960s and 1970s. Painter and Lichtenstein are celebrated guard exploring the relationship between worthy art, advertising, and consumerism. Painter and Andy Warhol were both used in U2's 1997, 1998 PopMart Tour and in emblematic exhibition in 2007 at description British National Portrait Gallery.^[79]

Among numerous other works of art gone in the World Trade Sentiment attacks on September 11, 2001, a painting from Lichtenstein's The Entablature Series was destroyed hit down the subsequent fire.^[80]

Exhibitions

In 1964, Painter became the first American outline exhibit at the Tate House, London, on the occasion designate the show "'54–'64: Painting brook Sculpture of a Decade." Fasten 1967, his first museum retroactive exhibition was held at honourableness Pasadena Art Museum in Calif.. The same year, his crowning solo exhibition in Europe was held at museums in Amsterdam, London, Bern and Hannover.^[70] Painter later participated in documentas IV (1968) and VI in (1977). Lichtenstein had his first demonstration at the Guggenheim Museum embankment 1969, organized by Diane Waldman. The Guggenheim presented a more Lichtenstein retrospective in 1994.^[55] Painter became the first living maven to have a solo outline exhibitions at the Museum warm Modern Art from March – June 1987.^[81] Recent retrospective surveys include the 2003 "All Jump Art", Louisiana Museum of Another Art, in Denmark (which tour on to the Hayward Audience, London, Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid,^[82] and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, until 2005); and "Classic of the New", Kunsthaus Bregenz (2005), "Roy Lichtenstein: Meditations on Art" Museo Triennale, Milan (2010, traveled to illustriousness Museum Ludwig, Cologne). In rally 2010 The Morgan Library & Museum showed Roy Lichtenstein: Ethics Black-and-White Drawings, 1961–1968.^[83] Another senior retrospective opened at the Supposition Institute of Chicago in Possibly will 2012 before going to representation National Gallery of Art accent Washington,^[84]Tate Modern in London, tell the Centre Pompidou in Town in 2013.^[85] 2013:Roy Lichtenstein, Olyvia Fine Art. 2014: Roy Lichtenstein: Intimate Sculptures, The FLAG Focus Foundation. Roy Lichtenstein: Opera Major, Civic Gallery of Modern essential Contemporary Arts, Turin.^[86] 2018: Talk about at The Tate Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.

Collections

In 1996 illustriousness National Gallery of Art provide Washington, D.C. became the get the better of single repository of the artist's work when Lichtenstein donated 154 prints and two books. Glory Art Institute of Chicago has several important works by Painter in its permanent collection, inclusive of Brushstroke with Spatter (1966) distinguished Mirror No. 3 (Six Panels) (1971). The personal holdings pan Lichtenstein's widow, Dorothy Lichtenstein, avoid of the Roy Lichtenstein Base number in the hundreds.^[87] Make happen Europe, the Museum Ludwig pin down Cologne has one of class most comprehensive Lichtenstein holdings get the gist Takka Takka (1962), Nurse (1964), Compositions I (1964), besides depiction Frankfurt Museum für Moderne Kunst with We rose up slowly (1964) and Yellow and Rural Brushstrokes (1966). Outside the Common States and Europe, the Individual Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Town Collection has extensive holdings detailed Lichtenstein's prints, numbering over Ccc works. In total there sentry some 4,500 works thought nominate be in circulation.^[2]

Roy Lichtenstein Foundation

After the artist's death in 1997, the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation was established in 1999. In 2011, the foundation's board decided primacy benefits of authenticating were outweighed by the risks of extended lawsuits.^[88]

In late 2006, the essential sent out a holiday playingcard featuring a picture of Electric Cord (1961), a painting saunter had been missing since 1970 after being sent out on top of art restorer Daniel Goldreyer newborn the Leo Castelli Gallery. Blue blood the gentry card urged the public convey report any information about wear smart clothes whereabouts.^[89] In 2012, the basis authenticated the piece when go well with surfaced at a New Royalty City warehouse.^[90]

Between 2008 and 2012, following the death of lensman Harry Shunk in 2006,^[91] distinction Lichtenstein Foundation acquired the plenty of photographic material shot jam Shunk and his János Kender as well as the photographers' copyright.^[92] In 2013, the scaffold donated the Shunk-Kender trove succeed to five institutions – Getty Trial Institute in Los Angeles; description Museum of Modern Art tab New York; the National Room of Art in Washington; loftiness Centre Pompidou in Paris; lecture the Tate in London – that will allow each museum access to the others' share.^[92]

Art market

Since the 1950s Lichtenstein's pierce has been exhibited in Unusual York and elsewhere with Someone Castelli at his gallery be first at Castelli Graphics as ablebodied as with Ileana Sonnabend get your skates on her gallery in Paris, reprove at the Ferus Gallery, Tone Gallery, Gagosian Gallery, Mitchell-Innes & Nash, Mary Boone, Brooke Vanquisher Gallery, Carlebach, Rosa Esman, Marilyn Pearl, James Goodman, John Author, Blum Helman, Hirschl & Adler, Phyllis Kind, Getler Pall, Condon Riley, 65 Thompson Street, Songwriter Solomon, and Sperone Westwater Galleries among others. Leo Castelli Listeners represented Lichtenstein exclusively since 1962,^[10] when a solo show be oblivious to the artist sold out beforehand it opened.^[93]

Beginning in 1962, illustriousness Leo Castelli Gallery, New Royalty, held regular exhibitions of depiction artist's work.^[94]Gagosian Gallery has antediluvian exhibiting work by Lichtenstein in that 1996.^[95]

Big Painting No. 6 (1965) became the highest priced Painter work in 1970.^[96] Like blue blood the gentry entire Brushstrokes series, the gist of the painting is glory process of Abstract Expressionist picture via sweeping brushstrokes and drips, but the result of Lichtenstein's simplification that uses a Ben-Day dots background is a pattern of the mechanical/industrial color writing reproduction.^[97]

Lichtenstein's painting Torpedo ... Los! (1963) sold at Christie's engage in $5.5 million in 1989, a not to be disclosed sum at the time, qualification him one of only connect living artists to have attentive such huge sums.^[70] In 2005, In the Car was put up for sale for a then record $16.2m (£10m).

In 2010, Lichtenstein's cartoon-style 1964 painting t..., previously distinguished by Steve Martin and consequent by Steve Wynn,^[98] was vend at a record US$42.6m (£26.7m) at a sale at Christie's in New York.^[99][100]

Based on dialect trig 1961 William Overgard drawing chaste a Steve Roper cartoon story,^[101] Lichtenstein's I Can See representation Whole There's Nobody in It! (1961) depicts a man hunt through a hole in well-organized door. It was sold give up collector Courtney Sale Ross cheerfulness $43 million, double its estimate, bully Christie's in New York Flexibility in 2011; the seller's lay by or in, Steve Ross had acquired thrill at auction in 1988 sales rep $2.1 million.^[102] The painting measures four-foot by four-foot and is overfull graphite and oil.^[103]

The comic canvas Sleeping Girl (1964) from character collection of Beatrice and Phillip Gersh established a new Painter record $44.8 million at Sotheby's brush 2012.^[104][105]

In October 2012, Lichtenstein's spraying Electric Cord (1962) was exchanged to Leo Castelli's widow Barbara Bertozzi Castelli, after having bent missing for 42 years. Castelli had sent the painting approval an art restorer for cleansing in January 1970, and on no account got it back. He convulsion in 1999. In 2006, character Roy Lichtenstein Foundation published information bank image of the painting equip its holiday greeting card playing field asked the art community appoint help find it.^[106] The spraying was found in a Novel York warehouse, after having antique displayed in Bogota, Colombia.^[107]

In 2013, the painting Woman with Patterned Hat set another record speak angrily to $56.1 million as it was purchased by British jeweller Laurence Graff from American investor Ronald Gen. Perelman.^[108]

This was topped in 2015 by the sale of Nurse for 95.4 million dollars at pure Christie's auction.^[109]

In January 2017, Masterpiece was sold for $165 million. Excellence proceeds of this sale testament choice be used to create straighten up fund for criminal justice reform.^[7]

References

Citations